Repetitive DNAs and shrink genomes: A chromosomal analysis in nine Columbidae species (Aves, Columbiformes)

Abstract An extensive karyotype variation is found among species belonging to the Columbidae family of birds (Columbiformes), both in diploid number and chromosomal morphology. Although clusters of repetitive DNA sequences play an important role in chromosomal instability, and therefore in chromosomal rearrangements, little is known about their distribution and amount in avian genomes. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of 11 distinct microsatellite sequences, as well as clusters of 18S rDNA, in nine different Columbidae species, correlating their distribution with the occurrence of chromosomal rearrangements. We found 2n values ranging from 76 to 86 and nine out of 11 microsatellite sequences showed distinct hybridization signals among the analyzed species. The accumulation of microsatellite repeats was found preferentially in the centromeric region of macro and microchromosomes, and in the W chromosome. Additionally, pair 2 showed the accumulation of several microsatellites in different combinations and locations in the distinct species, suggesting the occurrence of intrachromosomal rearrangements, as well as a possible fission of this pair in Geotrygon species. Therefore, although birds have a smaller amount of repetitive sequences when compared to other Tetrapoda, these seem to play an important role in the karyotype evolution of these species.

Variabilidade genética do peso ao nascer e seleção para crescimento em bubalinos do Estado do Pará, Brasil / Genetic variability of birth weight and selection for growth of water buffaloes from State of Pará, Brazil

Birth weight is a performance parameter of great zootechnical importance for both meat and dairy production, as well as for breeding animals, mainly due to its relation to survival rate at weaning, and the weight of animals throughout their developmental and growth phases. Therefore, the objective of this work was to establish heritability estimates, as well as phenotypic and genetic trends of birth weight of water buffaloes from State of Pará, Brazil. Descriptive statistics were calculated and the Shapiro-Wilk Normality test was performed with a Statistical Analysis System package. Heritability estimates were established by Bayesian inference. BW was 36.6 kg in average. The statistical model considered sex, year of birth and breed composition of the animals as fixed effects, and animal, maternal and residual as random effects. Direct heritability was platykurtic (flattened) and with higher asymmetry, presenting a bimodal distribution with the first mode close to 0.10, and the second mode close to 0.30; the maternal heritability was trimodal, with peaks very close to 0.15, and another, less evident, close to 0.20. The direct genetic trend of birth weight was negative (-0.03kg year-1) and maternal genetic trend was close to zero (0.001kg ano-1), even though the phenotypic trend had been positive (0.156 kg year-1). There is genetic variability to be addressed in a breeding program, however, very little was done as far as selection for growth of water buffaloes in the State of Pará.

O peso ao nascer constitui característica produtiva de elevada importância zootécnica, devido à sua relação com a taxa de sobrevivência à desmama e com os pesos nas demais fases de desenvolvimento do animal, quer seja para a produção de carne, leite ou em animais que se destinam à reprodução. O objetivo deste trabalho foi obter estimativas de herdabilidade e tendências fenotípicas e genéticas do peso ao nascer, em bubalinos do Estado do Pará, Brasil. Foram calculadas as estatísticas descritivas e realizado o teste de Normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk por meio do pacote estatístico Statistical Analisys System. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram obtidas por inferência Bayesiana. O peso ao nascer apresentou média de 36,6 kg. O modelo de análise considerou como fixos os efeitos de sexo, ano de nascimento e composição racial do animal e como efeitos aleatórios animal, efeito materno e residual. A distribuição da herdabilidade direta apresentou-se platicúrtica (achatada) e com maior assimetria, tendo uma distribuição bimodal com a primeira moda próxima a 0,10 e a segunda próxima a 0,30; a materna apresentou-se trimodal, com picos bem próximos a 0,15 e outro menos evidente próximo a 0,20. A tendência genética direta do peso ao nascer mostrou-se negativa (-0,03kg ano-1) e a tendência genética materna próxima à zero (0,001 kg ano-1), ainda que a tendência fenotípica tenha sido positiva (0,156kg ano-1). Existe variabilidade genética possível de ser trabalhada em um programa de melhoramento, no entanto, pouco foi feito quanto à seleção para crescimento em búfalos no Estado do Pará.

Classical nonlinear models to describe the growth curve for Murrah buffalo breed / Modelos não-lineares clássicos para descrever a curva de crescimento de búfalos da raça Murrah

With the objective of to adjust nonlinear models for the growth curves for a buffaloes herd raised in floodable lands in Rio Grande do Sul state, monthly records measured from birth to two years-old of 64 males and 63 females born between 1982 and 1989 were used. The models used were: Von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz and Logistic. The parameters were estimated by NLIN procedure and the criteria used to evaluate the adjustment given by the models were: asymptotic standard deviation; coefficient of determination; average absolute deviation of residues and asymptotic index. Von Bertalanffy and Brody models overestimated the male asymptotic weight (A) in 15.9 and 171.3kg, respectively, and the Gompertz and Logistic models underestimated it in 4.5 and 13.4kg, respectively. For females, the Logistic model underestimated the asymptotic weight (-2.09kg), and Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy and Brody overestimated this parameter in 8.04, 17.7, and 280.33kg, respectively. The biggest average deviation was estimated by Brody model for both sexes, characterizing the biggest index. Considering the criteria, it is recommended the Gompertz and Logistic models for adjust females and males Murrah buffaloes breed growth curves.

Com o objetivo de ajustar modelos não-lineares ao crescimento ponderal para búfalos criados em terras baixas no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, foram utilizados registros mensais mensurados do nascimento aos dois anos de idade de 64 machos e 63 fêmeas, nascidos no período de 1982 a 1989. Utilizaram-se os modelos: Von Bertalanffy, Brody, Gompertz e Logístico. Os parâmetros foram estimados usando o procedimento NLIN e os critérios utilizados para verificar o ajuste dos modelos foram: desvio padrão assintótico; coeficiente de determinação; desvio médio absoluto dos resíduos e o índice assintótico. Os modelos Von Bertalanffy e Brody superestimaram o peso assintótico (A) para os machos em 15,9 e 171,3kg, respectivamente, e os modelos Gompertz e Logístico, subestimaram em 4,5 e 13,4kg, respectivamente. Para as fêmeas, o modelo Logístico subestimou o peso assintótico (-2,09kg) e os modelos Gompertz, Von Bertalanffy e Brody superestimaram esse parâmetro em: 8,04; 17,7 e 280,33kg, respectivamente. O maior desvio médio absoluto foi estimado pelo modelo Brody para ambos os sexos, caracterizando o melhor índice. Considerando os critérios, recomenda-se o modelo Gompertz e o modelo Logístico para ajustar a curva de crescimento de fêmeas e machos da raça Murrah.

Alta similaridade cariotípica na família Emberezidae (Aves: Passeriformes) / High cariotipy similarity at the Emberezidae family (Aves: Passeriformes)

No intuito de contribuir para o conhecimento da citogenética na família Emberizidae, foram amostradas e analisadas oito espécies, empregando a técnica de cultura direta de medula óssea; na região rural pertencente ao município de Porto Nacional-TO. Seis delas, estão sendo descritas pela primeira vez: Dacnis cayana (2n=76), Tangara cayana (2n=78), Charitospiza eucosma (2n=78), Tachyphonus rufus (2n=80), Sporophila leucoptera (2n=80), e Porphyrospiza caerulescens (2n=82). Novos estudos de caracterização cromossômica foram realizados em Ramphocelus carbo (2n=78), e em Ammodramus humeralis (2n=80). Verificaram-se marcações de banda C positiva nas regiões centroméricas nos macrocromossomos, em grande parte dos microcromossomos e no braço curto do cromossomo sexual Z de T. cayana e R. carbo. As regiões organizadoras do nucléolo (NORs) foram identificadas em um par de microcromossomos; em um pequeno macrocromossomo em P. caerulescens e outro par de microcromossomos em T. cayana. Há similaridade cariotípica entre as espécies analisadas da família Emberizidae, visto que os primeiros pares de macrocromossomos apresentaram dominância de cromossomos acrocêntrico entre os quatro primeiros pares e telocêntricos entre os demais macrocromossomos, com exceção de T. rufus que apresentou uma maior predominância de cromossomos telocêntricos entre os seus primeiros pares.

This study is presented with the intention to support and contribute towards the knowledge of cytogenetic and its Emberizidae family. The 8 species have been seen in samples taken from the local rural region of Porto National-TO and cytogenetic analysis using the technique of direct culture of bone marrow. Six of the species are described here firstly the Dacnis cayana (2n=76), Tangara cayana (2n=78), Charitospiza eucosma (2n=78), Tachyphonus rufus (2n=80), Sporophila leucoptera (2n=80), and Porphyrospiza caerulescens (2n=82). New studies have characterize chromosomes were realizations in Ramphocelus carbo (2n=78), and in Ammodramus humeralis (2n=80) In R. carbo and A. humeralis, the diploid number is equal the 78 and 80 respective. The C banding shows positive marks in the centrometric region from the macro chromosome and in the short arm of the sexual chromosome Z of T. cayana e R. carbo. In P. caerulescens the nucleolus organizer regions (Nor’s) were located in a pair of micro chromosomes and in a short macro chromosome and in the pairs of micro chromosomes in T. cayana. It has conspicuous similarity which enters the analyzed species of the Emberizidae family, since the first pairs of macro chromosomes had presented predominance of chromosomes acrocentric between the first four pairs and telocentrics between the too much macro chromosomes, with exception of T. rufus that it presented a bigger predominance of telocentric chromosomes between its first pairs.

Genetic trends in the expected progeny difference of the asymptotic weight of Nelore females

There are few studies on weight covering the full life cycle of Zebu cattle, and there is no entire growth description or mean growth pattern for animals belonging to this breed. In order to provide such data, 1,158 Nelore females born between 1985 and 1995 were weighed 14,563 times from birth to full growth maturity, in ten herds spread over seven Brazilian states. The Von Bertalanffy, Brody, logistic and Gompertz non-linear models were used to obtain the asymptotic weights (A) and the maturation rates (K). The (co)variance and breeding value components for A and K were obtained by using the multiple trait derivative free restricted maximum likelihood method under the animal model. Genetic trends were calculated in function of the mean expected progeny differences (EPD) for the trait (A or K) divided by the number of animals according to their year of birth. The genetic trends of the expected progeny difference with reference to the date of birth of the cows were, on average, -6.5g y-1 for A and 2.0g y-1 for K, close to zero as confirmed by the low (0.0023 to 0.003) coefficient of regression values. The curve parameters are recommended as a selection criterion to reach precocity and avoid adult weight increase in the female herd.